What is the primary functional unit of the nervous system?

The primary functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body using electrochemical signals. They play a critical role in processing and communicating information, enabling functions such as reflexes, muscle contractions, and the transmission of sensory data.

Neurons are structured to facilitate their role, featuring key components such as the cell body, axons, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and organelles necessary for cellular function, dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while axons conduct impulses away from the cell body to communicate with other neurons or target tissues. This unique configuration allows neurons to effectively relay information across long distances within the body.

Glial cells, on the other hand, support neurons by providing structural support, nutrients, and insulation, but they do not conduct impulses themselves. Axons and dendrites are parts of a neuron rather than being independent functional units. Thus, while they are essential components of the neuron, they do not represent the primary unit of functionality in the nervous system. The distinct and critical role of neurons in information processing and signal transmission solidifies their status as the fundamental unit of the nervous system.